Mutational pressure drives enhanced release of proteasome-generated public CD8+ T cell epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 RBD of Omicron and its current lineages (preprint)

The COVID-19 pandemic was the most dramatic in the newest history with nearly 7 million deaths and global impact on mankind. Here we report binding index of 305 HLA class I molecules from 18,771 unique haplotypes of 28,104 individuals to 821 peptides experimentally observed from spike protein RBD of 5 main SARS-CoV-2 strains hydrolyzed by human proteasomes with constitutive and immune catalytic phenotypes. Our data read that 4 point mutations in the hACE2-binding region RBD496-513 of Omicron B1.1.529 strain results in a dramatic increase of proteasome-mediated release of two public HLA class I epitopes. Global population analysis of HLA class I haplotypes, specific to these peptides, demonstrated decreased mortality of human populations enriched in these haplotypes from COVID-19 after but not before December, 2021, when Omicron became dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain. Noteworthy, currently circulating BA.2.86 and JN.1 lineages contain no amino acid substitutions in RBD496-513 thus preserving identified core epitopes.

Gender inequality in Indonesian and Japanese households before and during COVID-19 pandemic

Unpaid Work is one of gender equality's problems that inevitably occur in domestic life. Most women experience inequality problems because of pre-existing views of a woman's role. This study aims to determine the circumstances and changes in unpaid Work in Indonesia and Japan during the COVID-19 and before the pandemic. The method used in this research is literature study and interviews. These interviews were conducted with 8 Indonesian families and 8 Japanese families where both partners are working. Based on the data processing result, there is an increase in the time to do unpaid Work for women and men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Other than the time increase, men's role in taking care of the households also increased, but the dominant worker at home is still women. To this study, gender equality of unpaid Work at home is more balanced in Indonesia than in Japan. This statement can be seen because of the role of Indonesian women in society, such as the number of working women, women's role in government, and others. The authors provide ideas for handling unpaid work problems in domestic life with this study. © 2023 Author(s).

Latin American perceptions of fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media with regard to COVID-19: frequency and association with severe mental pathologies.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the spread of abundant misinformation by the media, which caused fear and concern. Objective: To determine the association between the pathologies of the mental sphere and the perceptions of fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media with respect to COVID-19 in Latin America. Methodology: The present study has an analytical cross-sectional design that is based on a validated survey to measure fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media and other sources (Cronbach's α: 0.90). We surveyed more than 6,000 people, originally from 12 Latin American countries, who associated this perceived exaggeration with stress, depression, and anxiety (measured through DASS-21, Cronbach's α: 0.96). Results: Social networks (40%) or television (34%) were perceived as the sources that exaggerate the magnitude of the events. In addition, television (35%) and social networks (28%) were perceived as the sources that generate much fear. On the contrary, physicians and health personnel are the sources that exaggerated less (10%) or provoked less fear (14%). Through a multivariate model, we found a higher level of global perception that was associated with whether the participant was older (p = 0.002), had severe or more serious anxiety (p = 0.033), or had stress (p = 0,037). However, in comparison with Peru (the most affected country), there was a lower level of perception in Chile (p < 0.001), Paraguay (p = 0.001), Mexico (p < 0.001), Ecuador (p = 0.001), and Costa Rica (p = 0.042). All of them were adjusted for gender and for those having severe or major depression. Conclusion: There exists an association between some mental pathologies and the perception that the media does not provide moderate information.

Pandemic-Related Stress and Resilience Among Latinx Mothers with a History of Depression: Differences by Immigration Status.

This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on low-income, Latinx mothers in Southern California with a history of depression, including undocumented mothers and members of mixed status families. Drawing participants from a parent study that provided a maternal depression intervention to Head Start mothers (n = 119), this mixed method study integrates qualitative and quantitative data in a convergent design. Thirty-four mothers completed semi-structured qualitative interviews and standardized questionnaires in the fall of 2020. Mothers shared overwhelming economic difficulties, with the majority reporting that their family income decreased and half reporting that they were unable to pay for housing. Stressors were compounded for undocumented mothers and members of mixed-status families who were excluded from major relief programs. Stress affected maternal mental health, and mothers with precarious status reported differences in functioning. Mothers also identified positive ways that they coped with adversity. Results show that Latinx mothers with a history of depression, particularly mothers with precarious immigration status, continue to suffer considerable economic, social, and emotional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social workers can support the human rights of this population by advocating for financial relief, food assistance, and the expansion of medical-legal partnerships and physical and mental health services.

Enoxaparin Use in Hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients with Elevated D-Dimer: A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 is a human pathogenic coronavirus that causes a respiratory tract infection, which may lead to systemic hyper-inflammation that is associated with a hypercoagulable state. Anticoagulation as an adjunct may decrease thrombi formation. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin for the prevention of thrombotic events in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients with elevated D-dimer. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate three enoxaparin dosing regimens: full treatment (1 mg/kg SC Q12H or 1.5 mg/kg SC Q24H), intermediate (.5 mg/kg SC Q12H or 1 mg/kg SC Q24H), and prophylaxis (40 mg SC Q24H). The primary endpoint evaluated the percentage of patients who developed a venous thromboembolism (VTE). The secondary endpoints evaluated the development of a major bleed, mechanical ventilation need, and death. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included with 27, 8, and 10 participants in the full treatment, intermediate, and prophylaxis arms, respectively. Six patients developed a VTE: 3, 1, and 2 in the listed above groups, respectively (P = .83). Twenty patients died: 11, 3, and 6, respectively (P = .64). Four patients developed a major bleed: 1, 1, and 2, respectively (P = .17). Six patients required intubation: 1, 2, and 3 in the arms, respectively (P = .043). CONCLUSION: The study did not find a difference in respect to the development of a VTE between the three investigated doses of anticoagulation. However, our findings suggest that treatment dose of enoxaparin might be associated with lower risk for mechanical ventilation in hospitalized COVID-19-positive patients with elevated D-dimer.

[Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Health Workers During the Second Year of the Pandemic in Latin America: Cross-Sectional Survey Study]. / Impacto psicológico del COVID-19 en los trabajadores sanitarios durante el segundo año de pandemia en Latinoamérica: estudio de encuesta transversal.

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic continues to affect the mental health of healthcare personnel in Latin America (LA). Objective: To estimate the prevalence of psychological disturbances and associated risk factors for mental health in healthcare personnel in LA during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This multicenter cross-sectional study included a total sample of 5437 healthcare professionals from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and a brief demographic questionnaire were used. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was estimated based on the cut-off points of the instruments. Two multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Results: A population burden of anxiety (40.1%) and depression (62.2%) was found in healthcare personnel in LA. Among professionals in Argentina (OR = 1.374; P<.001), those working in state hospitals (OR = 1.536; P<.003), frontline healthcare workers for COVID patients (OR = 1.848; P<.001), general practitioners (OR = 1.335; P<.001), and specialists (OR = 1.298; P<.001), a higher risk of experiencing mental disorders was observed. Among women, younger personnel, and administrative staff, a higher probability of experiencing anxiety and depression was identified. Conclusions: The burden of mental disorders on healthcare personnel in Latin America is alarming. Psychological support services are necessary, aimed at providing measures for professionals to develop healthy coping mechanisms that mitigate the impact of the pandemic on their well-being and facilitate post-crisis adjustment.

Impacto psicológico del Covid-19 en los trabajadores sanitarios durante el segundo año de pandemia en Latinoamérica: Estudio de encuesta transversal Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Health Workers during the Second Year of the Pandemic in Latin America: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

La pandemia del Coronavirus continúa afectando la salud mental del personal sanitario en Latinoamérica (LA). Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de las alteraciones psicológicas y los factores de riesgo asociados a la salud mental en el personal de salud de LA, durante el segundo año de pandemia del Covid-19. Método. Estudio transversal multicéntrico que incluyó una muestra total de 5437 profesionales de la salud de Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Se utilizó el PHQ-9, el GAD-7 junto a un cuestionario demográfico breve. Se estimó la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión a partir de los puntos de corte de los instrumentos. Se realizaron 2 regresiones logísticas multivariantes. Resultados. Se encontró una carga poblacional de ansiedad (40,1%) y depresión (62,2%) en el personal sanitario de LA. En los profesionales de Argentina (OR=1,374;p<0,001), quienes trabajan en hospitales estatales (OR=1,536;p<0,003), de primera línea de atención de pacientes con Covid (OR=1,848;p<0,001), en los médicos generales (OR=1,335;p<0,001), especialistas (OR=1,298;p<0,001), se observó un mayor riesgo de sufrir trastornos mentales. A su vez, en las mujeres, el personal más joven y en los administrativos se identificó una mayor probabilidad para sufrir ansiedad y depresión. Conclusiones. La carga de trastornos mentales en el personal de salud de Latinoamérica es alarmante. Es necesario servicios de apoyo psicológico, orientados a proporcionar medidas para que los profesionales desarrollen mecanismos de afrontamiento saludables que mitiguen el impacto de la pandemia en su bienestar y faciliten el ajuste posterior a la crisis sanitaria.

Virtual training of rheumatoid arthritis peer coaches in motivational interviewing skills and concepts of cardiovascular disease.

Background: Peer coaching interventions are effective in helping individuals with chronic conditions understand their disease. Most peer coach training programs occur in person, which has become an obstacle during the COVID pandemic. We describe our experiences with virtual training for future peer coach interventions. Methods: Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 40 and 75 years of age were recruited and interviewed by the research team. We conducted seven virtual training sessions focused on four main points: Listen, Discuss, Practice, and Certify. The peer coaches provided feedback throughout the program, which was used to refine the training and intervention. A post-training focus group assessed satisfaction with the training program and intervention development process. Results: Four peer coaches (3 women, 1 man) were trained, including 2 Black and 2 White individuals with advanced degrees. Their ages ranged from 52 to 57, and their RA duration ranged from 5 to 15 years. An iterative process with the coaches and researchers resulted in a nine-week training program. Peer coaches reported satisfaction, confidence, and a preference for the virtual training format. Conclusion: This virtual peer coach training program was feasible and acceptable for coaches with advanced degrees during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Our approach represents an opportunity to adapt training that has been traditionally done in person. By doing so, our approach facilitates the recruitment and training of a diverse group of coaches and promotes sustainability.

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) Recombinant Protein Using Escherichia coli System

One of the main antigen that can be used for serological testing is the nucleocapsid (N) which is the most abundant viral-derived protein in SARS-CoV-2 where this virus can cause COVID19 disease. The aim of this study was to develop the SARS-CoV-2 N recombinant protein using Escherichia coli expression system. A total of 1,089 nucleotides encoding 362 amino acids of SARS-CoV-2 N was cloned to pET-14b vector. The plasmid then expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and induced with 1.0 mM IPTG (Isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside). The cell was harvested using denaturation lysis buffer due to inclusion body formation of SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Dialysis processed and concentrated using PEG-6000 resulted 0.992 mg/ml protein yield. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 N recombinant protein using SDS-PAGE technique showed approximately 37.0 kDa specific band target protein. Application of this SARS-CoV-2 N recombinant protein to vaccinated and non-vaccinated antibody serum samples using ELISA technique indicated the significant result of optical density mean at 0.603 and 0.135, respectively. This study revealed that the production of SARS-COV-2 N recombinant protein could be carried out in E. coli expression system under denatured conditions, therefore the methods are more effective in producing the protein as a basic material in immuno-diagnostic assay. © 2023, Bogor Agricultural University. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Water Accountability of Nonfinancial Companies in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Periods

The purpose of this article is to examine water accountability in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 periods and its relationship to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of nonfinancial companies in Indonesia. This study uses an exploratory approach and Global Report Initiative (GRI) Standards as a disclosure checklist with content analysis method. The sample used focuses on the nonfinancial sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with 1,144 units of analysis consisting of 306 sustainability reports for the period 2017 to 2021 and 838 company annual reports from 2019 to 2021. According to the results of the analysis, the disclosure of Indonesia's GRI Standard 303 and 306 indicators is still deficient. These results also indicate that companies in the nonfinancial sector have not fully supported the SDGs, especially those related to SDG 6, which is associated with clean water and proper sanitation. Findings from this analysis can be used by the government to make and stipulate regulations related to water and waste as well as explain to companies more specifically as to what action must be taken with regard to waste and water management that are firmly in line with GRI indicators in order to assist companies promote sustainable water management practices that align with the SDGs. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic situation has also indirectly forced companies to play a bigger role in increasing their contribution to society with respect to the environment, especially to water as it is an important resource for the common good. © 2022 Common Ground Research Networks. All rights reserved.

FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA INTENCIÓN DE VACUNACIÓN CONTRA EL COVID-19, EN POPAYÁN, CAUCA COLOMBIA Associated factors in the intention of vaccination against COVID-19, in POPAYÁN, Cauca Colombia

La vacunación contra la pandemia Covid − 19 decretada por la OMS en el 2020, ha demostrado en los ensayos iniciales una eficacia admisible para la comunidad científica, pero con muchas dudas e inquietudes para las comunidades, desarrollando el fenómeno conocido como vacilación vacunal. Objetivo: comprender los factores asociados a la intención o rechazo de vacunación contra el COVID-19 en la ciudad de Popayán en el año 2022. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo-analítico, realizado entre agosto de 2021 y marzo de 2022;con un muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia, con un tamaño muestral de 993 personas;se aplicó una encuesta tipo cuestionario de forma presencial y virtual para conocer la intención de vacunación, conocimientos y percepciones. Resultados: La población encuestada se caracterizó por ser de género femenino 56,19%, se encuentra entre los 18 y 28 años el 49,24%;manifiestan no tener intención de vacunarse contra el COVID-19 es del 23,16%, siendo las principales razones: no estar bien informados 56,29%, vacuna no efectiva el 54,8% y que la vacuna debilita el sistema inmunológico el 27,5%;así como también se expresa la baja confianza con el Plan de vacunación y de las farmacéuticas que producen la vacuna. Conclusión: La intención de vacunación contra la COVID-19, está determinada no solo por las dinámicas técnico-administrativas del programa de inmunización y del sistema de salud, variables del contexto y de la percepción del riesgo, se suman para explicar los procesos de vacunación.

[Associated factors in the intention of vaccination against COVID-19, in POPAYÁN, Cauca Colombia]. / FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA INTENCIÓN DE VACUNACIÓN CONTRA EL COVID-19, EN POPAYÁN, CAUCA COLOMBIA.

Vaccination against the Covid-19 pandemic, decreed by the WHO in 2020, has shown in the initial trials an admissible efficacy for the scientific community, but with many doubts and concerns for the communities, developing the phenomenon known as vaccine hesitancy. Objective: to understand the factors associated with the intention or rejection of vaccination against COVID-19 in the city of Popayán in the year 2022. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, carried out between August 2021 and March 2022; with a non-probabilistic sampling, for convenience, with a sample size of 993 people; A questionnaire-type survey was applied in person and virtually to know the intention of vaccination, knowledge and perceptions. Results: The surveyed population was characterized as 56.19% female, 49.24% between 18 and 28 years old; 23.16% state that they do not intend to be vaccinated against COVID-19, the main reasons being: not being well informed 56.29%, ineffective vaccine 54.8% and that the vaccine weakens the immune system 27,5%; as well as the low confidence with the Vaccination Plan and with the pharmaceutical companies that produce the vaccine. Conclusion: The intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 is determined not only by the technical-administrative dynamics of the immunization program and the health system, variables of the context and the perception of risk, add up to explain the vaccination processes.

Comparison of Water Accountability of Nonfinancial Companies

The purpose of this article is to examine water accountability in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 periods and its relationship to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of nonfinancial companies in Indonesia. This study uses an exploratory approach and Global Report Initiative (GRI) Standards as a disclosure checklist with content analysis method. The sample used focuses on the nonfinancial sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with 1,144 units of analysis consisting of 306 sustainability reports for the period 2017 to 2021 and 838 company annual reports from 2019 to 2021. According to the results of the analysis, the disclosure of Indonesia's GRI Standard 303 and 306 indicators is still deficient. These results also indicate that companies in the nonfinancial sector have not fully supported the SDGs, especially those related to SDG 6, which is associated with clean water and proper sanitation. Findings from this analysis can be used by the government to make and stipulate regulations related to water and waste as well as explain to companies more specifically as to what action must be taken with regard to waste and water management that are firmly in line with GRI indicators in order to assist companies promote sustainable water management practices that align with the SDGs. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic situation has also indirectly forced companies to play a bigger role in increasing their contribution to society with respect to the environment, especially to water as it is an important resource for the common good.

Smart Self-Isolation System to Monitor the Condition of Covid-19 Patients at Home

Self-isolation is step or effort to stop the spread of the Covid-19 virus that can carried out by individuals infected with the corona virus. However, they do not show enough symptoms seriously. This is one method to push amount Covid-19 cases. People who do self-isolation must stay at home around 7 days until they are free from Covid-19. To help monitoring by effective condition patient in self-isolation at home and reduce risk the symptoms of Covid-19 experienced, it requires a support system. In this research, it makes a system that can help inhabitant of village to monitor condition patients in the room during self-isolation through camera-based detection object and some sensors to monitor their health such as temperature, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. Camera can classify condition patient based on real-time video recording. If patient is detected lie down or fall on the floor, it will be assumed need help and message emergency sent to the telegram bot. However, if the patient is in a position like stand up, it will be assumed that patient in health condition. By using Mobilenet V2 320x320 SSD object model the average of accuracy is obtained by 86.8%. The results in this system could be monitored through web page. © 2022 IEEE.

Effect of Covid-19 Patients Flow Rate from Er to Lpd on Covid-19 Patients Healing Rates at Rsup Dr. Sardjitos Er

COVID-19 or Coronavirus Disease-19 which first appeared in December 2019 has spread around the world, one of which is Indonesia. The spread of the COVID-19 has affected all areas of human life and the most affected area is health. It can be known from the number of COVID-19 patients in numerous national referral hospitals, one of which is RSUP Dr. Sardjito. This large number of COVID-19 patients often causes a high number of bed occupancy rates and has an impact on special rooms, the room for COVID-19 patients who come to the hospital for the first time or the Emergency Room (ER) and the room for COVID-19 patients from the ER who is declared seriously ill or inpatient (Long-stay Patient Department, LPD). Furthermore, imbalance between the number of ER, LPD, and the number of COVID-19 patients yield the flow rate of COVID-19 patients from the ER to the LPD is decreasing. To find out the impact of flow rate, this research is conducted by using Richard's Curve and Kaplan-Meier Estimator. The results of this research show effect of flow rate which can be observed from the probability of COVID-19 patients who recovered or died in each special room. The probability of a COVID-19 patient in the ER recovered is greater than the probability of a patient died. Meanwhile, the probability of a COVID-19 patient in the LDP recovered is smaller than the probability of a patient died.

Crystal structures and fragment screening of SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 reveal details of exoribonuclease activation and mRNA capping and provide starting points for antiviral drug development.

NSP14 is a dual function enzyme containing an N-terminal exonuclease domain (ExoN) and C-terminal Guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain. Both activities are essential for the viral life cycle and may be targeted for anti-viral therapeutics. NSP14 forms a complex with NSP10, and this interaction enhances the nuclease but not the methyltransferase activity. We have determined the structure of SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 in the absence of NSP10 to 1.7 Å resolution. Comparisons with NSP14/NSP10 complexes reveal significant conformational changes that occur within the NSP14 ExoN domain upon binding of NSP10, including helix to coil transitions that facilitate the formation of the ExoN active site and provide an explanation of the stimulation of nuclease activity by NSP10. We have determined the structure of NSP14 in complex with cap analogue 7MeGpppG, and observe conformational changes within a SAM/SAH interacting loop that plays a key role in viral mRNA capping offering new insights into MTase activity. We perform an X-ray fragment screen on NSP14, revealing 72 hits bound to sites of inhibition in the ExoN and MTase domains. These fragments serve as excellent starting point tools for structure guided development of NSP14 inhibitors that may be used to treat COVID-19 and potentially other future viral threats.

Conformational Dynamics of the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.

Variants of SARS-CoV-2 keep emerging and causing new waves of COVID-19 around the world. Effective new approaches in drug development are based on the binding of agents, such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to a receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. However, mutations in RBD may lower the affinity of previously developed antibodies. Therefore, rapid analysis of new variants and selection of a binding partner with high affinity is of great therapeutic importance. Here, we explore a computational approach based on molecular dynamics simulations and conformational clusterization techniques for the wild-type and omicron variants of RBD. Biochemical experiments support the hypothesis of the presence of several conformational states within the RBD assembly. The development of such an approach will facilitate the selection of neutralization drugs with higher affinity based on the primary structure of the target antigen.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VIRTUAL OFFICE AT HOME FOR EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introduction/Main Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has made changes to all aspects of life. Work must be done at home or somewhere outside the office. Although a virtual office is mostly done from one’s home, it can be done anywhere. The aim of this paper is to describe the positive and negative psychological aspects when implementing virtual offices at home for employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background Problems: A virtual office has commonly been used during the pandemic condition. Many psychological aspects of a virtual office can affect the employee and his/her family. The impacts can be both positive and negative. Research problem: There are negative impacts, from a psychological aspect, of creating a virtual office at home besides the positive values. Novelty: This paper highlights the psychological aspects when implementing a virtual office at home. People often think that working from home has no challenges at all;it is considered to be more flexible and comfortable. On the other hand, working from home has many aspects that should be considered from the employees’ and employers’ views. Research Methods: This is a narrative literature review. Various types of literature were taken from the Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion criteria were research and review articles. Exclusion criteria were un peer-reviewed articles and unavailable full texts. To maintain the quality of the paper, all the articles were read twice. The articles were categorized in a table, summarized, and then narrated. Finding/Results: The positive psychological impacts are flexibility, creativity, and independence. A worker can creatively manage his/her time accordingly, to create a life balance between work and family. The negative psychological impacts are life-work conflicts, burnout, and the autonomy-paradox. Conclusion: The essential keys for a virtual office’s implementation are resilience, creativity, flexibility, and adaptation. The use of a virtual office may continue, due to time and financial efficiencies, despite the COVID-19 pandemic ending. © 2022 Gadjah Mada University. All Rights Reserved.

The similarities between severe COVID-19 infection and acute radiation syndrome: Literature review

The COVID-19 pandemic has been going on for more than a year. COVID-19 causes asymptomatic infection, severe infection, until death. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection is made by blood tests, antigen swabs, PCR, as well as radiology and CT-scan examinations. Severe COVID-19 infection shows similar symptoms to acute radiation injury. The paper aims to describe the similarity of severe infection COVID-19 and syndrome of acute radiation injury. This paper is a literature review. Literature was searched in the Science Direct and PubMed databases. The keywords were severe COVID-19 infection, acute radiation syndrome, similarity. The similarities between the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 infection and acute radiation injury are cytokine storms. Symptoms of severe COVID-19 infection are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hypoxia, and damage to the cardiovascular system. Researchers are trying to look for symptoms similar to this severe COVID-19 infection so they can find better prevention and therapeutic measures. Study of biological radiation has shown complex organ failure after exposure to high doses of radiation. This condition is called the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Severe inflammation accompanied by cytokine storms causes severe symptoms of COVID-19 or ARS infection. ARS is diagnosed with a variety of biomarkers of radiation exposure. The similarity of symptoms and pathophysiology may be used to plan better treatment for patients with severe COVID-19 infection in the future. The treatment would be the same. © 2022 Author(s).

The importance of husband support for breastfeeding during pandemic COVID-19

Introduction: Unachieved exclusive breastfeeding is still a problem in Indonesia. During pandemic covid-19 situation, the condition required to keep the distance from other people resulting the limited access between breastfeeding mothers and midwives. The role of the closest person that is husband is needed to constantly provide support. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between husband's support during the covid-19 pandemic with exclusive breastfeeding.Methods: The type of research used is an analytic survey with a cross sectional method. The total population are 51 people and the sample of 45 people is taken using purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using questionnaire sheets given to respondents. Data analysis using Chi Square test (X2).Results: Based on analysis, we found that husband's support has a significant association with the quality of exclusive breastfeeding with p=0.000.Conclusion: The result of the research informed husbands who want to provide support in the form of effective communication between husband and wife during the breastfeeding process, able to help breastfeeding mothers to keep the spirit of breastfeeding, and will help provide breast milk as the best food for their babies. There is a significant relationship between husband's support in the success of exclusive breastfeeding during the covid-19 pandemic.